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hek293t cells expressing sars cov 2 receptor human ace2  (ATCC)


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    Structured Review

    ATCC hek293t cells expressing sars cov 2 receptor human ace2
    Construction and characterization of the XEC-S mRNA vaccine. ( A ) The XEC-S mRNA was constructed to encode the ectodomain S (S1 and S2 subunits) protein of the Omicron-XEC <t>subvariant</t> <t>of</t> <t>SARS-CoV-2</t> with the HexaPro sequence, and to contain an N-terminal tissue plasminogen activator (tPA signal peptide), a C-terminal foldon trimeric sequence and a His 6 tag. The synthesized mRNA carrying a 5′-untranslated region (5′-UTR) and a 3′-UTR was capped at the 5′-terminus and tailed with a poly(A) sequence at the 3′-terminus, then encapsulated with lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) to form XEC-S-mRNA LNPs. Measured stability of the LNP-formulated XEC-S-mRNA ( B ) and control LNPs ( C ) by a DynaPro NanoStar II Light Scattering Detector (DLS) instrument. The samples were stored at 4 °C, 25 °C, and 37 °C for 1 to 7 days, then the particle sizes (diameters) were measured by the DLS. Histograms showing particle sizes of the LNP-formulated XEC-S-mRNA ( D ) and control LNPs ( E ). ( F ) Assessment of the expression of the His-tagged protein encoded by XEC-S-mRNA using flow cytometry. <t>HEK293T</t> cells were incubated with XEC-S mRNA-LNPs or the control LNPs, then stained with the anti-His-FITC antibody prior to conducting fluorescence intensity analysis using a flow cytometer. The shaded region indicates control cells incubated with LNPs, and the magenta line refers to target cells incubated with LNP-formulated XEC-S-mRNA. MFI: median fluorescence intensity.
    Hek293t Cells Expressing Sars Cov 2 Receptor Human Ace2, supplied by ATCC, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 99/100, based on 38021 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
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    Average 99 stars, based on 38021 article reviews
    hek293t cells expressing sars cov 2 receptor human ace2 - by Bioz Stars, 2026-09
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    1) Product Images from "Immunogenicity and Protection of mRNA Vaccine Encoding Spike Protein of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron-XEC Subvariant"

    Article Title: Immunogenicity and Protection of mRNA Vaccine Encoding Spike Protein of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron-XEC Subvariant

    Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

    doi: 10.3390/ijms27104218

    Construction and characterization of the XEC-S mRNA vaccine. ( A ) The XEC-S mRNA was constructed to encode the ectodomain S (S1 and S2 subunits) protein of the Omicron-XEC subvariant of SARS-CoV-2 with the HexaPro sequence, and to contain an N-terminal tissue plasminogen activator (tPA signal peptide), a C-terminal foldon trimeric sequence and a His 6 tag. The synthesized mRNA carrying a 5′-untranslated region (5′-UTR) and a 3′-UTR was capped at the 5′-terminus and tailed with a poly(A) sequence at the 3′-terminus, then encapsulated with lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) to form XEC-S-mRNA LNPs. Measured stability of the LNP-formulated XEC-S-mRNA ( B ) and control LNPs ( C ) by a DynaPro NanoStar II Light Scattering Detector (DLS) instrument. The samples were stored at 4 °C, 25 °C, and 37 °C for 1 to 7 days, then the particle sizes (diameters) were measured by the DLS. Histograms showing particle sizes of the LNP-formulated XEC-S-mRNA ( D ) and control LNPs ( E ). ( F ) Assessment of the expression of the His-tagged protein encoded by XEC-S-mRNA using flow cytometry. HEK293T cells were incubated with XEC-S mRNA-LNPs or the control LNPs, then stained with the anti-His-FITC antibody prior to conducting fluorescence intensity analysis using a flow cytometer. The shaded region indicates control cells incubated with LNPs, and the magenta line refers to target cells incubated with LNP-formulated XEC-S-mRNA. MFI: median fluorescence intensity.
    Figure Legend Snippet: Construction and characterization of the XEC-S mRNA vaccine. ( A ) The XEC-S mRNA was constructed to encode the ectodomain S (S1 and S2 subunits) protein of the Omicron-XEC subvariant of SARS-CoV-2 with the HexaPro sequence, and to contain an N-terminal tissue plasminogen activator (tPA signal peptide), a C-terminal foldon trimeric sequence and a His 6 tag. The synthesized mRNA carrying a 5′-untranslated region (5′-UTR) and a 3′-UTR was capped at the 5′-terminus and tailed with a poly(A) sequence at the 3′-terminus, then encapsulated with lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) to form XEC-S-mRNA LNPs. Measured stability of the LNP-formulated XEC-S-mRNA ( B ) and control LNPs ( C ) by a DynaPro NanoStar II Light Scattering Detector (DLS) instrument. The samples were stored at 4 °C, 25 °C, and 37 °C for 1 to 7 days, then the particle sizes (diameters) were measured by the DLS. Histograms showing particle sizes of the LNP-formulated XEC-S-mRNA ( D ) and control LNPs ( E ). ( F ) Assessment of the expression of the His-tagged protein encoded by XEC-S-mRNA using flow cytometry. HEK293T cells were incubated with XEC-S mRNA-LNPs or the control LNPs, then stained with the anti-His-FITC antibody prior to conducting fluorescence intensity analysis using a flow cytometer. The shaded region indicates control cells incubated with LNPs, and the magenta line refers to target cells incubated with LNP-formulated XEC-S-mRNA. MFI: median fluorescence intensity.

    Techniques Used: Construct, Sequencing, Synthesized, Control, Expressing, Flow Cytometry, Incubation, Staining, Fluorescence

    Assessment of humoral immune responses induced by the XEC-S-mRNA vaccine. ( A ) Immunization and challenge schedules. BALB/c-hACE2 transgenic mice were intradermally (i.d.) immunized with LNP-formulated XEC-S-mRNA or control LNPs and boosted twice at 3-week intervals; collection of sera followed 10 days after the last dose for measurement of subsequent antibody responses. Nine weeks after the last dose, the immunized mice were then intranasally (i.n.) challenged with an Omicron-KP.3 subvariant of SARS-CoV-2 to assess the protective efficacy. Evaluation of the XEC-S-specific IgG ( B ), IgG1 ( C ), and IgG2a ( D ) antibody (Ab) titers in sera by ELISA. The data refers to the mean ± standard deviation of the mean (s.e.m) of five mice in each group. The dotted lines indicate the detection limit (1:30). The experiments were repeated once, with similar results obtained.
    Figure Legend Snippet: Assessment of humoral immune responses induced by the XEC-S-mRNA vaccine. ( A ) Immunization and challenge schedules. BALB/c-hACE2 transgenic mice were intradermally (i.d.) immunized with LNP-formulated XEC-S-mRNA or control LNPs and boosted twice at 3-week intervals; collection of sera followed 10 days after the last dose for measurement of subsequent antibody responses. Nine weeks after the last dose, the immunized mice were then intranasally (i.n.) challenged with an Omicron-KP.3 subvariant of SARS-CoV-2 to assess the protective efficacy. Evaluation of the XEC-S-specific IgG ( B ), IgG1 ( C ), and IgG2a ( D ) antibody (Ab) titers in sera by ELISA. The data refers to the mean ± standard deviation of the mean (s.e.m) of five mice in each group. The dotted lines indicate the detection limit (1:30). The experiments were repeated once, with similar results obtained.

    Techniques Used: Transgenic Assay, Control, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Standard Deviation

    Evaluation of the broad neutralizing antibody responses induced by the XEC-S-mRNA vaccine. Mouse sera collected 10 days after the third immunization were assessed for a neutralizing antibody (Ab) titer against pseudotyped Omicron-KP.2 ( A ), KP.3 ( B ), XEC ( C ), NB.1.8.1 ( D ), and XFG ( E ) using a pseudovirus neutralization assay. The same sera were assessed for a neutralizing Ab titer against the infection of live SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariants, including KP.2 ( F ) and KP.3 ( G ), using a cytopathic effect (CPE)-based neutralization assay. The NT 50 (i.e., 50% neutralizing Ab titer) is shown as the mean ± s.e.m of five mice in each group. The dotted lines indicate the detection limit (1:60 for the pseudovirus neutralizing Ab titer, and 1:30 for the live virus neutralizing Ab titer). The experiments were repeated once, with similar results obtained.
    Figure Legend Snippet: Evaluation of the broad neutralizing antibody responses induced by the XEC-S-mRNA vaccine. Mouse sera collected 10 days after the third immunization were assessed for a neutralizing antibody (Ab) titer against pseudotyped Omicron-KP.2 ( A ), KP.3 ( B ), XEC ( C ), NB.1.8.1 ( D ), and XFG ( E ) using a pseudovirus neutralization assay. The same sera were assessed for a neutralizing Ab titer against the infection of live SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariants, including KP.2 ( F ) and KP.3 ( G ), using a cytopathic effect (CPE)-based neutralization assay. The NT 50 (i.e., 50% neutralizing Ab titer) is shown as the mean ± s.e.m of five mice in each group. The dotted lines indicate the detection limit (1:60 for the pseudovirus neutralizing Ab titer, and 1:30 for the live virus neutralizing Ab titer). The experiments were repeated once, with similar results obtained.

    Techniques Used: Neutralization, Infection, Virus

    The LNP-formulated XEC-S-mRNA vaccine protected against a SARS-CoV-2 Omicron-KP.3 challenge. Nine weeks after the final immunization, the BALB/c-hACE2 transgenic mice were challenged (i.n.) with an Omicron-KP.3 subvariant of SARS-CoV-2, then viral titers in the lungs ( A ) and trachea ( B ) were measured by means of the plaque assay 5 days post-challenge. The data (plaque-forming unit: PFU/mL of viral titers) is shown as the mean ± s.e.m of five mice in each group. The dotted lines indicate the detection limit (3.3 PFU/mL). The unpaired Student’s t test was used to analyze statistical significance between the XEC-S-mRNA and control LNP groups. ** indicates p < 0.01. The experiments were repeated once, with similar results obtained.
    Figure Legend Snippet: The LNP-formulated XEC-S-mRNA vaccine protected against a SARS-CoV-2 Omicron-KP.3 challenge. Nine weeks after the final immunization, the BALB/c-hACE2 transgenic mice were challenged (i.n.) with an Omicron-KP.3 subvariant of SARS-CoV-2, then viral titers in the lungs ( A ) and trachea ( B ) were measured by means of the plaque assay 5 days post-challenge. The data (plaque-forming unit: PFU/mL of viral titers) is shown as the mean ± s.e.m of five mice in each group. The dotted lines indicate the detection limit (3.3 PFU/mL). The unpaired Student’s t test was used to analyze statistical significance between the XEC-S-mRNA and control LNP groups. ** indicates p < 0.01. The experiments were repeated once, with similar results obtained.

    Techniques Used: Transgenic Assay, Plaque Assay, Control

    XEC-S-mRNA-induced neutralizing antibodies play a key role in the protection against a SARS-CoV-2 Omicron-KP.3 challenge. ( A ) Immunization and serum transfer schedules. BALB/c mice were immunized (i.d.) with LNP-formulated XEC-S-mRNA or control LNPs and boosted at 3, 6, and 22 weeks. The pooled sera collected at 10, 17, and 28 days after the last dose were assessed for neutralizing antibody (Ab) titers against pseudotyped ( B ) and live ( C ) Omicron-KP.3 subvariants of SARS-CoV-2, then injected (i.p.) into naïve B6-hACE2 transgenic mice. 6 h post serum-transfer, the mice were challenged (i.n.) with Omicron-KP.3; five days post-challenge, the lungs ( D ) and trachea ( E ) were collected and assessed for viral titers using the plaque assay. The NT 50 indicates a 50% neutralizing Ab titer, and the viral titer is expressed as PFU/mL. The data is shown as the mean ± s.e.m of duplicate or quadruple wells (for the pooled sera) or of five mice in each group (for the viral titer). The dotted lines indicate the detection limit (1:60 for the pseudovirus neutralizing Ab titer, 1:30 for the live virus neutralizing Ab titer, and 3.3 PFU/mL for the viral titer). The unpaired Student’s t test was used to analyze the statistical significance between the XEC-S-mRNA and control LNP groups. * and **** indicate p < 0.05 and p < 0.0001, respectively. The experiments were repeated once, with similar results obtained.
    Figure Legend Snippet: XEC-S-mRNA-induced neutralizing antibodies play a key role in the protection against a SARS-CoV-2 Omicron-KP.3 challenge. ( A ) Immunization and serum transfer schedules. BALB/c mice were immunized (i.d.) with LNP-formulated XEC-S-mRNA or control LNPs and boosted at 3, 6, and 22 weeks. The pooled sera collected at 10, 17, and 28 days after the last dose were assessed for neutralizing antibody (Ab) titers against pseudotyped ( B ) and live ( C ) Omicron-KP.3 subvariants of SARS-CoV-2, then injected (i.p.) into naïve B6-hACE2 transgenic mice. 6 h post serum-transfer, the mice were challenged (i.n.) with Omicron-KP.3; five days post-challenge, the lungs ( D ) and trachea ( E ) were collected and assessed for viral titers using the plaque assay. The NT 50 indicates a 50% neutralizing Ab titer, and the viral titer is expressed as PFU/mL. The data is shown as the mean ± s.e.m of duplicate or quadruple wells (for the pooled sera) or of five mice in each group (for the viral titer). The dotted lines indicate the detection limit (1:60 for the pseudovirus neutralizing Ab titer, 1:30 for the live virus neutralizing Ab titer, and 3.3 PFU/mL for the viral titer). The unpaired Student’s t test was used to analyze the statistical significance between the XEC-S-mRNA and control LNP groups. * and **** indicate p < 0.05 and p < 0.0001, respectively. The experiments were repeated once, with similar results obtained.

    Techniques Used: Control, Injection, Transgenic Assay, Plaque Assay, Virus

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    other:

    Article Title: An Intranasal Vaccine Based on Outer Membrane Vesicles Against SARS-CoV-2.
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    ATCC hek293t cells expressing sars cov 2 receptor human ace2
    Construction and characterization of the XEC-S mRNA vaccine. ( A ) The XEC-S mRNA was constructed to encode the ectodomain S (S1 and S2 subunits) protein of the Omicron-XEC <t>subvariant</t> <t>of</t> <t>SARS-CoV-2</t> with the HexaPro sequence, and to contain an N-terminal tissue plasminogen activator (tPA signal peptide), a C-terminal foldon trimeric sequence and a His 6 tag. The synthesized mRNA carrying a 5′-untranslated region (5′-UTR) and a 3′-UTR was capped at the 5′-terminus and tailed with a poly(A) sequence at the 3′-terminus, then encapsulated with lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) to form XEC-S-mRNA LNPs. Measured stability of the LNP-formulated XEC-S-mRNA ( B ) and control LNPs ( C ) by a DynaPro NanoStar II Light Scattering Detector (DLS) instrument. The samples were stored at 4 °C, 25 °C, and 37 °C for 1 to 7 days, then the particle sizes (diameters) were measured by the DLS. Histograms showing particle sizes of the LNP-formulated XEC-S-mRNA ( D ) and control LNPs ( E ). ( F ) Assessment of the expression of the His-tagged protein encoded by XEC-S-mRNA using flow cytometry. <t>HEK293T</t> cells were incubated with XEC-S mRNA-LNPs or the control LNPs, then stained with the anti-His-FITC antibody prior to conducting fluorescence intensity analysis using a flow cytometer. The shaded region indicates control cells incubated with LNPs, and the magenta line refers to target cells incubated with LNP-formulated XEC-S-mRNA. MFI: median fluorescence intensity.
    Hek293t Cells Expressing Sars Cov 2 Receptor Human Ace2, supplied by ATCC, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 99/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
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    The L455F mutation increases the binding affinity of the spike protein to <t>ACE2.</t> A Fluorescence imaging of WT/EG.5.1/EG.5.1-L455F spike pseudovirus-infected 293/ACE2 cells at 72 h. B Relative Fluorescence Units (RFU) measured in 293/ACE2 cells infected with WT/EG.5.1/EG.5.1-L455F spike pseudoviruses at 72 h. *, P < 0.05, ****, P < 0.0001. C and D Biolayer interferometry was used to analyze the binding of biotinylated <t>hACE2</t> to EG.5.1 spike protein or EG.5.1-L455F spike protein. The curves represent the results of a global fit of the data using a 1:1 binding model
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    The L455F mutation increases the binding affinity of the spike protein to <t>ACE2.</t> A Fluorescence imaging of WT/EG.5.1/EG.5.1-L455F spike pseudovirus-infected 293/ACE2 cells at 72 h. B Relative Fluorescence Units (RFU) measured in 293/ACE2 cells infected with WT/EG.5.1/EG.5.1-L455F spike pseudoviruses at 72 h. *, P < 0.05, ****, P < 0.0001. C and D Biolayer interferometry was used to analyze the binding of biotinylated <t>hACE2</t> to EG.5.1 spike protein or EG.5.1-L455F spike protein. The curves represent the results of a global fit of the data using a 1:1 binding model
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    The L455F mutation increases the binding affinity of the spike protein to <t>ACE2.</t> A Fluorescence imaging of WT/EG.5.1/EG.5.1-L455F spike pseudovirus-infected 293/ACE2 cells at 72 h. B Relative Fluorescence Units (RFU) measured in 293/ACE2 cells infected with WT/EG.5.1/EG.5.1-L455F spike pseudoviruses at 72 h. *, P < 0.05, ****, P < 0.0001. C and D Biolayer interferometry was used to analyze the binding of biotinylated <t>hACE2</t> to EG.5.1 spike protein or EG.5.1-L455F spike protein. The curves represent the results of a global fit of the data using a 1:1 binding model
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    GenScript corporation phycoerythrin-conjugated human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ace2) and human dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (dpp-4) receptors
    The L455F mutation increases the binding affinity of the spike protein to <t>ACE2.</t> A Fluorescence imaging of WT/EG.5.1/EG.5.1-L455F spike pseudovirus-infected 293/ACE2 cells at 72 h. B Relative Fluorescence Units (RFU) measured in 293/ACE2 cells infected with WT/EG.5.1/EG.5.1-L455F spike pseudoviruses at 72 h. *, P < 0.05, ****, P < 0.0001. C and D Biolayer interferometry was used to analyze the binding of biotinylated <t>hACE2</t> to EG.5.1 spike protein or EG.5.1-L455F spike protein. The curves represent the results of a global fit of the data using a 1:1 binding model
    Phycoerythrin Conjugated Human Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 (Ace2) And Human Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 (Dpp 4) Receptors, supplied by GenScript corporation, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 90/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
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    ACROBiosystems biotinylated host entry receptor hace2
    The L455F mutation increases the binding affinity of the spike protein to <t>ACE2.</t> A Fluorescence imaging of WT/EG.5.1/EG.5.1-L455F spike pseudovirus-infected 293/ACE2 cells at 72 h. B Relative Fluorescence Units (RFU) measured in 293/ACE2 cells infected with WT/EG.5.1/EG.5.1-L455F spike pseudoviruses at 72 h. *, P < 0.05, ****, P < 0.0001. C and D Biolayer interferometry was used to analyze the binding of biotinylated <t>hACE2</t> to EG.5.1 spike protein or EG.5.1-L455F spike protein. The curves represent the results of a global fit of the data using a 1:1 binding model
    Biotinylated Host Entry Receptor Hace2, supplied by ACROBiosystems, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 95/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
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    Jackson Laboratory mice with transgenic expression of human ace2 receptor under control of the human k18 promoter k18h-ace2
    The L455F mutation increases the binding affinity of the spike protein to <t>ACE2.</t> A Fluorescence imaging of WT/EG.5.1/EG.5.1-L455F spike pseudovirus-infected 293/ACE2 cells at 72 h. B Relative Fluorescence Units (RFU) measured in 293/ACE2 cells infected with WT/EG.5.1/EG.5.1-L455F spike pseudoviruses at 72 h. *, P < 0.05, ****, P < 0.0001. C and D Biolayer interferometry was used to analyze the binding of biotinylated <t>hACE2</t> to EG.5.1 spike protein or EG.5.1-L455F spike protein. The curves represent the results of a global fit of the data using a 1:1 binding model
    Mice With Transgenic Expression Of Human Ace2 Receptor Under Control Of The Human K18 Promoter K18h Ace2, supplied by Jackson Laboratory, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 90/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
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    Jackson Laboratory transgenic expression of human ace2 receptor under control of the human k18 promoter k18h-ace2
    The L455F mutation increases the binding affinity of the spike protein to <t>ACE2.</t> A Fluorescence imaging of WT/EG.5.1/EG.5.1-L455F spike pseudovirus-infected 293/ACE2 cells at 72 h. B Relative Fluorescence Units (RFU) measured in 293/ACE2 cells infected with WT/EG.5.1/EG.5.1-L455F spike pseudoviruses at 72 h. *, P < 0.05, ****, P < 0.0001. C and D Biolayer interferometry was used to analyze the binding of biotinylated <t>hACE2</t> to EG.5.1 spike protein or EG.5.1-L455F spike protein. The curves represent the results of a global fit of the data using a 1:1 binding model
    Transgenic Expression Of Human Ace2 Receptor Under Control Of The Human K18 Promoter K18h Ace2, supplied by Jackson Laboratory, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 90/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
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    Jackson Laboratory transgenic mice expressing the human ace2 receptor
    ODE single and repetitive exposure increases murine lung soluble ACE levels dependent upon ADAM-17 with associated effect on SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus infectivity. Scatter plots with bars depict mean with SEM of lung <t>ACE2</t> levels of ( A ) wild-type (WT) mice following single and repetitive (13 times) ODE exposures and ( B ) humanized ACE2 mice treated with or without TAPI- 1, an ADAM-17 inhibitor, prior to single instillation with saline or 12.5% ODE exposure ( n = 6 mice/group). Humanized ACE2 mice were exposed to a single dose or repetitive doses of ODE prior to SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus (PV) infection with lungs collected 5 days post-infection. ( C ) Scatter plot with mean and SEM depicted viral titer determined by qPCR ( n = 6–8 mice/group). * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, **** p < 0.0001; groups compared using Student’s t -test in ( A ) and one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test in ( B , C ).
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    Image Search Results


    Construction and characterization of the XEC-S mRNA vaccine. ( A ) The XEC-S mRNA was constructed to encode the ectodomain S (S1 and S2 subunits) protein of the Omicron-XEC subvariant of SARS-CoV-2 with the HexaPro sequence, and to contain an N-terminal tissue plasminogen activator (tPA signal peptide), a C-terminal foldon trimeric sequence and a His 6 tag. The synthesized mRNA carrying a 5′-untranslated region (5′-UTR) and a 3′-UTR was capped at the 5′-terminus and tailed with a poly(A) sequence at the 3′-terminus, then encapsulated with lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) to form XEC-S-mRNA LNPs. Measured stability of the LNP-formulated XEC-S-mRNA ( B ) and control LNPs ( C ) by a DynaPro NanoStar II Light Scattering Detector (DLS) instrument. The samples were stored at 4 °C, 25 °C, and 37 °C for 1 to 7 days, then the particle sizes (diameters) were measured by the DLS. Histograms showing particle sizes of the LNP-formulated XEC-S-mRNA ( D ) and control LNPs ( E ). ( F ) Assessment of the expression of the His-tagged protein encoded by XEC-S-mRNA using flow cytometry. HEK293T cells were incubated with XEC-S mRNA-LNPs or the control LNPs, then stained with the anti-His-FITC antibody prior to conducting fluorescence intensity analysis using a flow cytometer. The shaded region indicates control cells incubated with LNPs, and the magenta line refers to target cells incubated with LNP-formulated XEC-S-mRNA. MFI: median fluorescence intensity.

    Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

    Article Title: Immunogenicity and Protection of mRNA Vaccine Encoding Spike Protein of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron-XEC Subvariant

    doi: 10.3390/ijms27104218

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Construction and characterization of the XEC-S mRNA vaccine. ( A ) The XEC-S mRNA was constructed to encode the ectodomain S (S1 and S2 subunits) protein of the Omicron-XEC subvariant of SARS-CoV-2 with the HexaPro sequence, and to contain an N-terminal tissue plasminogen activator (tPA signal peptide), a C-terminal foldon trimeric sequence and a His 6 tag. The synthesized mRNA carrying a 5′-untranslated region (5′-UTR) and a 3′-UTR was capped at the 5′-terminus and tailed with a poly(A) sequence at the 3′-terminus, then encapsulated with lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) to form XEC-S-mRNA LNPs. Measured stability of the LNP-formulated XEC-S-mRNA ( B ) and control LNPs ( C ) by a DynaPro NanoStar II Light Scattering Detector (DLS) instrument. The samples were stored at 4 °C, 25 °C, and 37 °C for 1 to 7 days, then the particle sizes (diameters) were measured by the DLS. Histograms showing particle sizes of the LNP-formulated XEC-S-mRNA ( D ) and control LNPs ( E ). ( F ) Assessment of the expression of the His-tagged protein encoded by XEC-S-mRNA using flow cytometry. HEK293T cells were incubated with XEC-S mRNA-LNPs or the control LNPs, then stained with the anti-His-FITC antibody prior to conducting fluorescence intensity analysis using a flow cytometer. The shaded region indicates control cells incubated with LNPs, and the magenta line refers to target cells incubated with LNP-formulated XEC-S-mRNA. MFI: median fluorescence intensity.

    Article Snippet: HEK293T cells expressing SARS-CoV-2 receptor human ACE2 (hACE2/293T, Laboratory stock) and HEK293T cells (ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA) were diluted in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) cell culture medium containing 1% Penicillin-Streptomycin solution (Corning, New York, NY, USA) and 10% Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA), and cultured in a 37 °C cell culture incubator supplied with 5% CO 2 .

    Techniques: Construct, Sequencing, Synthesized, Control, Expressing, Flow Cytometry, Incubation, Staining, Fluorescence

    Assessment of humoral immune responses induced by the XEC-S-mRNA vaccine. ( A ) Immunization and challenge schedules. BALB/c-hACE2 transgenic mice were intradermally (i.d.) immunized with LNP-formulated XEC-S-mRNA or control LNPs and boosted twice at 3-week intervals; collection of sera followed 10 days after the last dose for measurement of subsequent antibody responses. Nine weeks after the last dose, the immunized mice were then intranasally (i.n.) challenged with an Omicron-KP.3 subvariant of SARS-CoV-2 to assess the protective efficacy. Evaluation of the XEC-S-specific IgG ( B ), IgG1 ( C ), and IgG2a ( D ) antibody (Ab) titers in sera by ELISA. The data refers to the mean ± standard deviation of the mean (s.e.m) of five mice in each group. The dotted lines indicate the detection limit (1:30). The experiments were repeated once, with similar results obtained.

    Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

    Article Title: Immunogenicity and Protection of mRNA Vaccine Encoding Spike Protein of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron-XEC Subvariant

    doi: 10.3390/ijms27104218

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Assessment of humoral immune responses induced by the XEC-S-mRNA vaccine. ( A ) Immunization and challenge schedules. BALB/c-hACE2 transgenic mice were intradermally (i.d.) immunized with LNP-formulated XEC-S-mRNA or control LNPs and boosted twice at 3-week intervals; collection of sera followed 10 days after the last dose for measurement of subsequent antibody responses. Nine weeks after the last dose, the immunized mice were then intranasally (i.n.) challenged with an Omicron-KP.3 subvariant of SARS-CoV-2 to assess the protective efficacy. Evaluation of the XEC-S-specific IgG ( B ), IgG1 ( C ), and IgG2a ( D ) antibody (Ab) titers in sera by ELISA. The data refers to the mean ± standard deviation of the mean (s.e.m) of five mice in each group. The dotted lines indicate the detection limit (1:30). The experiments were repeated once, with similar results obtained.

    Article Snippet: HEK293T cells expressing SARS-CoV-2 receptor human ACE2 (hACE2/293T, Laboratory stock) and HEK293T cells (ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA) were diluted in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) cell culture medium containing 1% Penicillin-Streptomycin solution (Corning, New York, NY, USA) and 10% Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA), and cultured in a 37 °C cell culture incubator supplied with 5% CO 2 .

    Techniques: Transgenic Assay, Control, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Standard Deviation

    Evaluation of the broad neutralizing antibody responses induced by the XEC-S-mRNA vaccine. Mouse sera collected 10 days after the third immunization were assessed for a neutralizing antibody (Ab) titer against pseudotyped Omicron-KP.2 ( A ), KP.3 ( B ), XEC ( C ), NB.1.8.1 ( D ), and XFG ( E ) using a pseudovirus neutralization assay. The same sera were assessed for a neutralizing Ab titer against the infection of live SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariants, including KP.2 ( F ) and KP.3 ( G ), using a cytopathic effect (CPE)-based neutralization assay. The NT 50 (i.e., 50% neutralizing Ab titer) is shown as the mean ± s.e.m of five mice in each group. The dotted lines indicate the detection limit (1:60 for the pseudovirus neutralizing Ab titer, and 1:30 for the live virus neutralizing Ab titer). The experiments were repeated once, with similar results obtained.

    Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

    Article Title: Immunogenicity and Protection of mRNA Vaccine Encoding Spike Protein of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron-XEC Subvariant

    doi: 10.3390/ijms27104218

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Evaluation of the broad neutralizing antibody responses induced by the XEC-S-mRNA vaccine. Mouse sera collected 10 days after the third immunization were assessed for a neutralizing antibody (Ab) titer against pseudotyped Omicron-KP.2 ( A ), KP.3 ( B ), XEC ( C ), NB.1.8.1 ( D ), and XFG ( E ) using a pseudovirus neutralization assay. The same sera were assessed for a neutralizing Ab titer against the infection of live SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariants, including KP.2 ( F ) and KP.3 ( G ), using a cytopathic effect (CPE)-based neutralization assay. The NT 50 (i.e., 50% neutralizing Ab titer) is shown as the mean ± s.e.m of five mice in each group. The dotted lines indicate the detection limit (1:60 for the pseudovirus neutralizing Ab titer, and 1:30 for the live virus neutralizing Ab titer). The experiments were repeated once, with similar results obtained.

    Article Snippet: HEK293T cells expressing SARS-CoV-2 receptor human ACE2 (hACE2/293T, Laboratory stock) and HEK293T cells (ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA) were diluted in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) cell culture medium containing 1% Penicillin-Streptomycin solution (Corning, New York, NY, USA) and 10% Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA), and cultured in a 37 °C cell culture incubator supplied with 5% CO 2 .

    Techniques: Neutralization, Infection, Virus

    The LNP-formulated XEC-S-mRNA vaccine protected against a SARS-CoV-2 Omicron-KP.3 challenge. Nine weeks after the final immunization, the BALB/c-hACE2 transgenic mice were challenged (i.n.) with an Omicron-KP.3 subvariant of SARS-CoV-2, then viral titers in the lungs ( A ) and trachea ( B ) were measured by means of the plaque assay 5 days post-challenge. The data (plaque-forming unit: PFU/mL of viral titers) is shown as the mean ± s.e.m of five mice in each group. The dotted lines indicate the detection limit (3.3 PFU/mL). The unpaired Student’s t test was used to analyze statistical significance between the XEC-S-mRNA and control LNP groups. ** indicates p < 0.01. The experiments were repeated once, with similar results obtained.

    Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

    Article Title: Immunogenicity and Protection of mRNA Vaccine Encoding Spike Protein of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron-XEC Subvariant

    doi: 10.3390/ijms27104218

    Figure Lengend Snippet: The LNP-formulated XEC-S-mRNA vaccine protected against a SARS-CoV-2 Omicron-KP.3 challenge. Nine weeks after the final immunization, the BALB/c-hACE2 transgenic mice were challenged (i.n.) with an Omicron-KP.3 subvariant of SARS-CoV-2, then viral titers in the lungs ( A ) and trachea ( B ) were measured by means of the plaque assay 5 days post-challenge. The data (plaque-forming unit: PFU/mL of viral titers) is shown as the mean ± s.e.m of five mice in each group. The dotted lines indicate the detection limit (3.3 PFU/mL). The unpaired Student’s t test was used to analyze statistical significance between the XEC-S-mRNA and control LNP groups. ** indicates p < 0.01. The experiments were repeated once, with similar results obtained.

    Article Snippet: HEK293T cells expressing SARS-CoV-2 receptor human ACE2 (hACE2/293T, Laboratory stock) and HEK293T cells (ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA) were diluted in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) cell culture medium containing 1% Penicillin-Streptomycin solution (Corning, New York, NY, USA) and 10% Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA), and cultured in a 37 °C cell culture incubator supplied with 5% CO 2 .

    Techniques: Transgenic Assay, Plaque Assay, Control

    XEC-S-mRNA-induced neutralizing antibodies play a key role in the protection against a SARS-CoV-2 Omicron-KP.3 challenge. ( A ) Immunization and serum transfer schedules. BALB/c mice were immunized (i.d.) with LNP-formulated XEC-S-mRNA or control LNPs and boosted at 3, 6, and 22 weeks. The pooled sera collected at 10, 17, and 28 days after the last dose were assessed for neutralizing antibody (Ab) titers against pseudotyped ( B ) and live ( C ) Omicron-KP.3 subvariants of SARS-CoV-2, then injected (i.p.) into naïve B6-hACE2 transgenic mice. 6 h post serum-transfer, the mice were challenged (i.n.) with Omicron-KP.3; five days post-challenge, the lungs ( D ) and trachea ( E ) were collected and assessed for viral titers using the plaque assay. The NT 50 indicates a 50% neutralizing Ab titer, and the viral titer is expressed as PFU/mL. The data is shown as the mean ± s.e.m of duplicate or quadruple wells (for the pooled sera) or of five mice in each group (for the viral titer). The dotted lines indicate the detection limit (1:60 for the pseudovirus neutralizing Ab titer, 1:30 for the live virus neutralizing Ab titer, and 3.3 PFU/mL for the viral titer). The unpaired Student’s t test was used to analyze the statistical significance between the XEC-S-mRNA and control LNP groups. * and **** indicate p < 0.05 and p < 0.0001, respectively. The experiments were repeated once, with similar results obtained.

    Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

    Article Title: Immunogenicity and Protection of mRNA Vaccine Encoding Spike Protein of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron-XEC Subvariant

    doi: 10.3390/ijms27104218

    Figure Lengend Snippet: XEC-S-mRNA-induced neutralizing antibodies play a key role in the protection against a SARS-CoV-2 Omicron-KP.3 challenge. ( A ) Immunization and serum transfer schedules. BALB/c mice were immunized (i.d.) with LNP-formulated XEC-S-mRNA or control LNPs and boosted at 3, 6, and 22 weeks. The pooled sera collected at 10, 17, and 28 days after the last dose were assessed for neutralizing antibody (Ab) titers against pseudotyped ( B ) and live ( C ) Omicron-KP.3 subvariants of SARS-CoV-2, then injected (i.p.) into naïve B6-hACE2 transgenic mice. 6 h post serum-transfer, the mice were challenged (i.n.) with Omicron-KP.3; five days post-challenge, the lungs ( D ) and trachea ( E ) were collected and assessed for viral titers using the plaque assay. The NT 50 indicates a 50% neutralizing Ab titer, and the viral titer is expressed as PFU/mL. The data is shown as the mean ± s.e.m of duplicate or quadruple wells (for the pooled sera) or of five mice in each group (for the viral titer). The dotted lines indicate the detection limit (1:60 for the pseudovirus neutralizing Ab titer, 1:30 for the live virus neutralizing Ab titer, and 3.3 PFU/mL for the viral titer). The unpaired Student’s t test was used to analyze the statistical significance between the XEC-S-mRNA and control LNP groups. * and **** indicate p < 0.05 and p < 0.0001, respectively. The experiments were repeated once, with similar results obtained.

    Article Snippet: HEK293T cells expressing SARS-CoV-2 receptor human ACE2 (hACE2/293T, Laboratory stock) and HEK293T cells (ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA) were diluted in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) cell culture medium containing 1% Penicillin-Streptomycin solution (Corning, New York, NY, USA) and 10% Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA), and cultured in a 37 °C cell culture incubator supplied with 5% CO 2 .

    Techniques: Control, Injection, Transgenic Assay, Plaque Assay, Virus

    The L455F mutation increases the binding affinity of the spike protein to ACE2. A Fluorescence imaging of WT/EG.5.1/EG.5.1-L455F spike pseudovirus-infected 293/ACE2 cells at 72 h. B Relative Fluorescence Units (RFU) measured in 293/ACE2 cells infected with WT/EG.5.1/EG.5.1-L455F spike pseudoviruses at 72 h. *, P < 0.05, ****, P < 0.0001. C and D Biolayer interferometry was used to analyze the binding of biotinylated hACE2 to EG.5.1 spike protein or EG.5.1-L455F spike protein. The curves represent the results of a global fit of the data using a 1:1 binding model

    Journal: BMC Infectious Diseases

    Article Title: Characterization of private mutations in the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 correlates with viral prevalence

    doi: 10.1186/s12879-025-11414-3

    Figure Lengend Snippet: The L455F mutation increases the binding affinity of the spike protein to ACE2. A Fluorescence imaging of WT/EG.5.1/EG.5.1-L455F spike pseudovirus-infected 293/ACE2 cells at 72 h. B Relative Fluorescence Units (RFU) measured in 293/ACE2 cells infected with WT/EG.5.1/EG.5.1-L455F spike pseudoviruses at 72 h. *, P < 0.05, ****, P < 0.0001. C and D Biolayer interferometry was used to analyze the binding of biotinylated hACE2 to EG.5.1 spike protein or EG.5.1-L455F spike protein. The curves represent the results of a global fit of the data using a 1:1 binding model

    Article Snippet: The receptor protein Recombinant Human ACE2 Protein (His & AVI Tag), Biotinylated (Sino Biological, Beijing, China) was immobilized at a concentration of 25nM on streptavidin biosensor (SA) (Sartorius, Germany).

    Techniques: Mutagenesis, Binding Assay, Fluorescence, Imaging, Infection

    Complex models of the spike protein RBD with hACE2. A Structural representation of the complex between EG.5.1 RBD (yellow) and hACE2 (purple), highlighting the positions of L455 (red) and L456 (grey) in the EG.5.1 RBD. B Structural representation of the complex between EG.5.1-L455F RBD (green) and hACE2 (blue), highlighting the positions of F455 (red) and L456 (grey) in the EG.5.1-L455F RBD

    Journal: BMC Infectious Diseases

    Article Title: Characterization of private mutations in the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 correlates with viral prevalence

    doi: 10.1186/s12879-025-11414-3

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Complex models of the spike protein RBD with hACE2. A Structural representation of the complex between EG.5.1 RBD (yellow) and hACE2 (purple), highlighting the positions of L455 (red) and L456 (grey) in the EG.5.1 RBD. B Structural representation of the complex between EG.5.1-L455F RBD (green) and hACE2 (blue), highlighting the positions of F455 (red) and L456 (grey) in the EG.5.1-L455F RBD

    Article Snippet: The receptor protein Recombinant Human ACE2 Protein (His & AVI Tag), Biotinylated (Sino Biological, Beijing, China) was immobilized at a concentration of 25nM on streptavidin biosensor (SA) (Sartorius, Germany).

    Techniques:

    ODE single and repetitive exposure increases murine lung soluble ACE levels dependent upon ADAM-17 with associated effect on SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus infectivity. Scatter plots with bars depict mean with SEM of lung ACE2 levels of ( A ) wild-type (WT) mice following single and repetitive (13 times) ODE exposures and ( B ) humanized ACE2 mice treated with or without TAPI- 1, an ADAM-17 inhibitor, prior to single instillation with saline or 12.5% ODE exposure ( n = 6 mice/group). Humanized ACE2 mice were exposed to a single dose or repetitive doses of ODE prior to SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus (PV) infection with lungs collected 5 days post-infection. ( C ) Scatter plot with mean and SEM depicted viral titer determined by qPCR ( n = 6–8 mice/group). * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, **** p < 0.0001; groups compared using Student’s t -test in ( A ) and one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test in ( B , C ).

    Journal: International journal of translational medicine (Basel, Switzerland)

    Article Title: Organic Dust Exposure Enhances SARS-CoV-2 Entry in a PKC α - and ADAM-17-Dependent Manner

    doi: 10.3390/ijtm4030032

    Figure Lengend Snippet: ODE single and repetitive exposure increases murine lung soluble ACE levels dependent upon ADAM-17 with associated effect on SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus infectivity. Scatter plots with bars depict mean with SEM of lung ACE2 levels of ( A ) wild-type (WT) mice following single and repetitive (13 times) ODE exposures and ( B ) humanized ACE2 mice treated with or without TAPI- 1, an ADAM-17 inhibitor, prior to single instillation with saline or 12.5% ODE exposure ( n = 6 mice/group). Humanized ACE2 mice were exposed to a single dose or repetitive doses of ODE prior to SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus (PV) infection with lungs collected 5 days post-infection. ( C ) Scatter plot with mean and SEM depicted viral titer determined by qPCR ( n = 6–8 mice/group). * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, **** p < 0.0001; groups compared using Student’s t -test in ( A ) and one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test in ( B , C ).

    Article Snippet: Eight-week-old wild-type (WT) or transgenic mice expressing the human ACE2 receptor (Jackson Labs, Bar Harbor, ME USA) were used for all animal experiments.

    Techniques: Infection, Saline

    Inhibition of PKCα or ADAM-17 along with ODE treatment synergistically increases membrane ACE2 levels enhancing SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus entry in BEAS-2B cells in vitro. ( A ) Wild-type (WT) and PKCα-deficient (DN) BEAS-2B cells were treated with Gö 6976 (a PKCα inhibitor), TAPI-1 (an ADAM-17 inhibitor), 0.5% ODE, or a combination for 1 h in vitro. The cells were then collected and stained for flow cytometry analysis of membrane ACE2 expression. ( B ) Treated cells were infected for 48 h with SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus expressing fluorescent dTomato. The cells were then fixed, stained with Hoechst nuclear stain, and analyzed using Operetta CLS. WT cells treated with both ODE and inhibitor had significantly higher infection than single-treated WT groups. ( C ) Representative flow cytometry images showing ACE2 gating. ( D ) Representative immunofluorescence images from Operetta CLS showing pseudovirus-infected cells (20× magnification; scale bar: 100 μm). Data shown are mean ± SEM; n = 9 per group; experiments were repeated 4 times; ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001 (two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test).

    Journal: International journal of translational medicine (Basel, Switzerland)

    Article Title: Organic Dust Exposure Enhances SARS-CoV-2 Entry in a PKC α - and ADAM-17-Dependent Manner

    doi: 10.3390/ijtm4030032

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Inhibition of PKCα or ADAM-17 along with ODE treatment synergistically increases membrane ACE2 levels enhancing SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus entry in BEAS-2B cells in vitro. ( A ) Wild-type (WT) and PKCα-deficient (DN) BEAS-2B cells were treated with Gö 6976 (a PKCα inhibitor), TAPI-1 (an ADAM-17 inhibitor), 0.5% ODE, or a combination for 1 h in vitro. The cells were then collected and stained for flow cytometry analysis of membrane ACE2 expression. ( B ) Treated cells were infected for 48 h with SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus expressing fluorescent dTomato. The cells were then fixed, stained with Hoechst nuclear stain, and analyzed using Operetta CLS. WT cells treated with both ODE and inhibitor had significantly higher infection than single-treated WT groups. ( C ) Representative flow cytometry images showing ACE2 gating. ( D ) Representative immunofluorescence images from Operetta CLS showing pseudovirus-infected cells (20× magnification; scale bar: 100 μm). Data shown are mean ± SEM; n = 9 per group; experiments were repeated 4 times; ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001 (two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test).

    Article Snippet: Eight-week-old wild-type (WT) or transgenic mice expressing the human ACE2 receptor (Jackson Labs, Bar Harbor, ME USA) were used for all animal experiments.

    Techniques: Inhibition, Membrane, In Vitro, Staining, Flow Cytometry, Expressing, Infection, Immunofluorescence

    Proposed mechanism through which agricultural dust exposure could affect SARS-CoV-2 entry in vitro (created with BioRender.com ). Organic dust exposure (ODE) activates Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and MyD88, which then activates protein kinase C alpha (PKCα). Through intermediates, PKCα activates ADAM-17 which cleaves the ACE2 receptor on the cell membrane producing soluble ACE2. PKCα can be inhibited by the addition of Gö 6976 and ADAM-17 can be inhibited by the addition of TAPI-1. If membrane ACE2 is intact, upon SARS-CoV-2 infection, the viral spike protein can bind the receptor and through unknown intermediates diminish IL-8 release in vitro.

    Journal: International journal of translational medicine (Basel, Switzerland)

    Article Title: Organic Dust Exposure Enhances SARS-CoV-2 Entry in a PKC α - and ADAM-17-Dependent Manner

    doi: 10.3390/ijtm4030032

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Proposed mechanism through which agricultural dust exposure could affect SARS-CoV-2 entry in vitro (created with BioRender.com ). Organic dust exposure (ODE) activates Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and MyD88, which then activates protein kinase C alpha (PKCα). Through intermediates, PKCα activates ADAM-17 which cleaves the ACE2 receptor on the cell membrane producing soluble ACE2. PKCα can be inhibited by the addition of Gö 6976 and ADAM-17 can be inhibited by the addition of TAPI-1. If membrane ACE2 is intact, upon SARS-CoV-2 infection, the viral spike protein can bind the receptor and through unknown intermediates diminish IL-8 release in vitro.

    Article Snippet: Eight-week-old wild-type (WT) or transgenic mice expressing the human ACE2 receptor (Jackson Labs, Bar Harbor, ME USA) were used for all animal experiments.

    Techniques: In Vitro, Membrane, Infection